Table of Contents
Preface
1
CHAPTER
1 Introduction
2
1
Background
3
2
Abstract
4
CHAPTER 2
Discussion
5
Religion
in United State
5
Place
of worship in United State
10
Festival
religion in United State
17
CHAPTER 3
Closing
19
PREFACE
Assalamu'alaikum Wr . Wb .
All praise
is due to Allah who has given us His guidance , so that we could complete the
task this paper .
Sholawat and
greetings are always drawn to the jewel in the rocks , the only man be scaled
to earth as uswatun hasanah , the last prophet that we look for his syafa’at
in the day end . May we include people who get his syafa’at . ameen
Cross
cultural understanding simply Refers to the basic ability of people within
business to recognise , Correctly interpret and react to people , incidences or
situations that are open to misunderstanding due to cultural differences . The
fundamental intention of cross- cultural training is to equip the learner ( s )
with the NAMAs skills to attain cross- cultural understanding .
Religion is one aspect in the review of the cross-cultural understanding . In this paper will be discussed regarding religions embraced by the population in the united kingdom , places of worship , as well as religious events held in united kingdom .
We don’t forget to thank to all of that help us to solve this paper. No body perfect in the world, we realize that this paper is far from perfect . Criticism and constructive suggestions are always we look forward to further improvements .
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr . Wb .
Tulungagung, Oct 30th 2013
Author
CAPTHER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.
BACKGROUND
Cross Cultural Understanding
Terminology within the cross
cultural communications field can sometimes be baffling to those reading the
literature, websites or promotional material. Many ask what is the difference
between 'intercultural' and 'cross cultural'? What is 'cross cultural
awareness' as opposed to 'cross cultural knowledge' or, are 'cultural
sensitivity' and 'cultural competence' the same thing?
With a view to clarifying some of
the above mentioned terminology, this article will examine terms used in
relation to building cross cultural understanding within the business world.
Cross cultural understanding simply
refers to the basic ability of people within business to recognise, interpret
and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to
misunderstanding due to cultural differences. The fundamental intention of
cross cultural training is to equip the learner(s) with the appropriate skills
to attain cross cultural understanding.
Once the foundations of cross
cultural understanding have been laid, the learner(s), either through continued
training or experiences within the workplace, gradually attains a more acute
appreciation of cultural differences. The different types of appreciation are
cross cultural knowledge, cross cultural awareness, cross cultural sensitivity
and cross cultural competence. Although all the terms may appear similar in
meaning, subtle differences exist between them.
'Cross Cultural Knowledge' is
critical to basic cross cultural understanding. Without it cross cultural
appreciation cannot take place. It refers to a surface level familiarization
with cultural characteristics, values, beliefs and behaviours.
'Cross Cultural Awareness' develops
from cross cultural knowledge as the learner understands and appreciates a
culture internally. This may also be accompanied by changes within the
learner's behaviour and attitudes such as a greater flexibility and openness.
'Cross Cultural Sensitivity' is a
natural by-product of awareness and refers to an ability to read into
situations, contexts and behaviours that are culturally rooted and be able to
react to them appropriately. An suitable response necessitates that the actor no
longer carries his/her own culturally determined interpretations of the
situation or behaviour (i.e. good/bad, right/wrong) which can only be nurtured
through both cross cultural knowledge and awareness.
Cross Cultural Competence' is and
should be the aim of all those dealing with multicultural clients, customers or
colleagues. 'Competence' is the final stage of cross cultural understanding and
signifies the actor's ability to work effectively across cultures. Cross
cultural competency is beyond knowledge, awareness and sensitivity in that it
is the digestion, integration and transformation of all the skills and
information acquired through them, applied to create cultural synergy within
the workplace.
Religion is
one aspect in the review of the cross-cultural understanding . In this paper
will be discussed regarding religions embraced by the population in the united
kingdom , places of worship , as well as religious events held in united
kingdom .
2.
ABSTRACT
This paper
discussed about:
a.
Religion in United Kingdom
b.
Places of worship in United Kingdom
c.
Religious ceremonial in United
Kingdom
CAPTHER II
DISCUSSION
A.
Religion in United Kingdom
Religion
in the United Kingdom and in the countries that preceded it has been dominated,
for over 1,400 years, by various forms of Christianity.
According to some surveys, a majority of citizens still identify with
Christianity, although regular church attendance has fallen dramatically since
the middle of the 20th century, and immigration and demographic change have
contributed to the growth of other faiths.
Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded
by regular surveys, the four major ones being the UK Census, the Labour Force Survey, the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey. According to the 2001 UK census, Christianity is the
major religion, followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents. This, and the
relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious
affiliations has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a
multi-faith, secularised, or post-Christian
society.
The United Kingdom was formed by the union
of previously independent countries from 1707, and consequently most of the
largest religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While
some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United
Kingdom, others may have a single structure covering England
and Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively
recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921, most major religious
groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis.
The
United Kingdom was created as an Anglican Christian country and Anglican
churches remain the largest faith group in each country of the UK. Following
this is Roman Catholicism and religions including Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism,
Judaism, and Buddhism. Today British Jews number around 300 000 with the UK
having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide. While 2001 census
informationsuggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to
belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK
citizens regularly attend religious services.
The culture
of the United Kingdom refers to the patterns of human activity and symbolism
associated with the United Kingdom and its people. It is informed by the UKs
history as a developed island country, major power. Its composition of four
countries— England NorthernIreland Scotland and Wales Each of which have
preserved distinct customs, cultures and symbolism. The English language is the
official language of the UK, and is spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of
the British population.
The British national anthem and other patriotic songs such as "Rule, Britannia!" represent the United Kingdom, each of the four individual countries of the UK also has their own patriotic hymns. Edward Elgars "Land of Hope and Glory", and Hubert Parrys "Jerusalem" set to William Blakes poem And did those feet in ancient time, are among Englands most patriotic hymns.
Religion
inUnited Kingdom based on 2011 sensus
1.
Christian
The United Kingdom was formed by the union of
previously independent states from 1707, and consequently most of the largest
religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While some
groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United
Kingdom, others may have a single structure covering England and
Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively
recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921, most major religious
groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Christianity
was first introduced through the Romans
(English mythology links the introduction of
Christianity to England to the Glastonbury
legend of Joseph of Arimathea; see also the legend of Saint
Lucius). Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear
in the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Romano-British
population after the withdrawal of the Roman legions was
mostly Christian.The Durham Gospels is a Gospel Book
produced in Lindisfarne.The arrival of the Anglo-Saxons
introduced Anglo-Saxon polytheism to what is now England.
Christianity was re-introduced into England through missionaries from Scotland and
from Continental Europe; the era of St Augustine (the first Archbishop of Canterbury) and the Celtic
Christian missionaries in the north (notably St. Aidan
and St.
Cuthbert). The Synod of Whitby in 664 ultimately led to the
English Church being fully part of Roman Catholicism. Early English Christian
documents surviving from this time include the 7th-century illuminated Lindisfarne Gospels and the historical accounts
written by the Venerable Bede.
2. Buddhist
Buddhism in the United Kingdom has a small but
growing number of supporters which, according to a Buddhist organisation, is
mainly the result of conversion. In the UK census for 2001, there were about
152,000 people who registered their religion as Buddhism, and about 174,000 who
cited religions other than Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Jainism and Sikhism.This
latter figure is likely to include some people who follow the traditional Chinese mixture of
religions including Buddhism.
At the 2001 Census, 144,453 people in England and
Wales ticked the Buddhist box. Of these, the main places of birth were UK
66,522, Far East 59,931 and South Asia 9,847, and the main ethnic groups were
white 56,040, Chinese 34,304, Asian 13,919, Mixed 4,647, Black 1,507 and Other
34,036. In Scotland, people were asked both their current religion and that
they were brought up in. 6,830 people gave Buddhism as their current religion,
and 4,704 said they were brought up in it, with an overlap of 3,146. In
Northern Ireland, the published report which listed religions and philosophies
in order of size reported 'Buddhist' at 533.
The earliest Buddhist influences were with the Theravada
traditions of Burma,
Thailand,
and Sri
Lanka was primarily scholarly, and a tradition of study grew up that eventually
resulted in the foundation of the Pali
Text Society, which undertook the huge task of translating the Pali Canon
of Theravada Buddhist texts into English. The start
of interest in Buddhism as a path of practice was pioneered by the
Theosophists, Madame Blavatsky and Colonel
Olcott, and in 1880 they became the first Westerners
to receive the refuges and precepts, the ceremony by which one traditionally
becomes a Buddhist. they were also later received into the Hindu religio. Theosophical
and Theravadin
influences continued throughout the early twentieth century, though the 1950s
saw the development of interest in Zen
Buddhism. In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling
Monastery and Tibetan Centre was founded in Eskdalemuir,
Scotland, and is the largest Tibetan
Buddhist centre in Western Europe. It has many affiliated centres in major
UK cities including Kagyu Samye Dzong London. The Manjushri Kadampa Buddhist Centre[
in Conishead Priory located just outside of Barrow-in-Furness,
Cumbria is a
large New Kadampa Tradition Tibetan Buddhist
centre. The priory established by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso in 1975 claims to be 'the
mother centre from which around 1100 Kadampa Buddhist centres have been set up
worldwide'.
Jamyang
Buddhist Centre (JBC) in London is affiliated to the Foundation
for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition, an international network of
Gelugpa
Tibetan Buddhist centres. There is also a branch centre in Leeds and affiliated
groups around across England. The resident teacher is Geshe Tashi Tsering.
Buddhist organisations in the UK from the Tibetan
tradition, which have been founded by Western lamas include Dechen, Diamond Way Buddhism and Aro gTér.
Dechen is an association of Buddhist centres of the Sakya and Karma Kagyu
traditions, founded by Lama Jampa Thaye and under the spiritual authority of Karma Thinley Rinpoche. Diamond Way Buddhism
is a network of lay Buddhist centres in the Karma Kagyu
tradition, founded by Lama Ole Nydahl and under the spiritual authority of the
17th Karmapa Trinley Thaye Dorje. The main
Western lamas associated with Aro gTér, a Nyingma lineage,
are Ngak’chang Rinpoche (formerly Ngakpa Chögyam) and Khandro Déchen.
A Theravada monastery following the Thai Forest Tradition of Ajahn Chah
was established at Chithurst Buddhist Monastery in
Sussex, and has established branches elsewhere in the country. A lay meditation
tradition of Thai origin is represented by the [Samatha Trust][1], with its headquarters cum retreat centre
in Wales. Sōtō
Zen has a priory at Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey in Northumberland.
The Community of Interbeing, part of the Order of Interbeing, founded by Vietnamese Zen
Buddhist Thich Nhat Hanh (who currently resides in Plum
Village, France), has (as of 2012) about 90 sanghas meeting across the UK.[12]
The Order of Interbeing (Tiep Hien) was founded within the Linji School
of Dhyana Buddhism (Zen (Rinzai)).
As well as the Triratna Buddhist Community
there are other Buddhism-based new religious movements such as the New Kadampa Tradition and Sōka
Gakkai International. More recently there has been the emergence of Secular
Buddhism UK which has developed from the writings of Stephen Batchelor (author).[13]
Two Buddhist umbrella organisations in the UK are The Buddhist Society, established in 1924 with
an office in London, and The Network of Buddhist
Organisations, established in 1993.
3. Hinduism
Hinduism
was the religion of 558,342 people in the United Kingdom according to the 2001 census but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put
the figure as high as 1.5 Million. According to the 2011 census, 816,633 Hindus
live in England and Wales with the figure for Scotland yet to be released.
UK-wide
Hindu organisations include The National Council of Hindu Temples UK, the oldest UK-wide Hindu
organisation comprising over 300 Hindu Temples and Hindu Faith Organisations,
The Hindu
Council UK representing
almost 400 affiliated cultural and religious organisations of various Hindu
denominations including temples, The Hindu
Forum of Britain,
with nearly 300 member organisations and SHYAM, an educational organisation
teaching the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayan, Shrimad Bhagavad, Vedas and Upanishads.[6] Some of the most notable Hindu-based
organisations in the UK include the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), Swaminarayan (BAPS), the Chinmaya Mission, Ramakrishna
Mission and Sai Organisation, each having large followings.
Slough
Hindu Temple was built by the Slough Hindu Cultural Society - formally opened
in 1981 - it was the first purpose-built Hindu Temple in the British Isles.
Most
Hindus in the UK live in England, with half living in London alone, but small communities also exist in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
4.
Muslim
Islam has been present in the United Kingdom since its formation in 1707. Today it is the second
largest religion in the country with results from the United Kingdom Census 2011 suggesting that by 2011 the total Muslim population had reached 2.7 million, 4.8% of the total
population. The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales: of 1,591,000 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census, 1,536,015 were
living in England and Wales, where they formed 3% of the population in 2001; 42,557 were living in Scotland, forming 0.84% of the population; and
1,943 were living in Northern Ireland. In 2011 it was reported that the
United Kingdom had around 100,000 converts to Islam, 40,000 more than in 2001;
66% of them were women. There were an estimated 5,200 conversions in 2011.
Islam is the fastest growing religion in the UK: between 2001 and 2009 the
Muslim population increased almost 10 times faster than the non-Muslim
population.
5.
Sikh
Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,179 people
in the United Kingdom at the 2001 Census. (Other sources regard the Sikh population as being between 600,000 and
750,000.) While England is home
to the majority of Sikhs in the UK, small communities also exist in Northern
Ireland, Scotland and Wales. According to the 2011 England census there
were around 420,196 Sikhs living in England alone.
Sikhism, or known in Punjabi as Sikhi,[note 1] (/ˈsiːkɨzəm/ or /ˈsɪkɨzəm/; Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖੀ, sikkhī, IPA: [ˈsɪkːʰiː]) is a monotheistic
religion founded during the 15th century in the Punjab
region of the Indian subcontinent, by Guru
Nanak[3] and
continued to progress through the ten successive Sikh
gurus (the last guru being the holy
scripture Guru
Granth Sahib). It is the fifth-largest organized religion in the
world, with approximately 30 million adherents.[4][5]
Adherents of Sikhism are known as Sikhs (students or disciples). This
system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as
Gurmat
(literally 'wisdom of the Gurū'). Punjab,
India is the only state in the world with a majority
Sikh population.
Sikhism is a spiritual, social, and political
system of beliefs which considers spiritual life and secular life to be
intertwined[6] Guru
Nanak, the first Sikh Guru established the system of the Langar, or free kitchen, designed to safehold
equality between all people and express the ethics of sharing, community, inclusiveness
and oneness of all humankind.[7] In
addition to sharing with others Guru Nanak inspired earning/making
a living honestly without exploitation or fraud and also meditation on
God's name or qualities. Guru
Hargobind, the 6th Sikh Guru, established the
political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms to be mutually
coexistent.[8]
According to the 9th Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadhur, the ideal Sikh should
have both Shakti (power
that resides in the temporal), and Bhakti (spiritual meditative qualities). This was
developed into the concept of the baptized Saint Soldier of the Khalsa by the 10th Sikh Guru, Gobind
Singh.[9]
Sikhs are
expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī"—a saint-soldier.
Which means to love God, meditate on God, keep God in the heart, feel God's
nearness and also be strong, courageous and ready to fight to protect weak
people from cruel unjust attackers.[10][11] One
must have control over one's internal vices and be
able to be constantly immersed in virtues clarified in the Guru Granth Sahib.
Guru Nanak described living an "active,
creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity,
self-control and purity" as being higher than a purely contemplative life.[12]
According to Guru Nanak, the aim is to attain the "attendant balance of
separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, in the
course of daily life",[13] the
polar opposite to a self-centered existence.[13] In
Sikhism there is no dogma,[14] priests, monastics or yogis.
B.
Places of worship in United Kingdom
1. Baitul Futuh
|
Baitul Futuh in
London
|
|
|
Baitul
Futuh in London
|
|
|
Basic information
|
|
|
Location
|
|
|
Website
|
|
|
Architectural description
|
|
|
Architectural type
|
Mosque
|
|
Modern
|
|
|
Completed
|
2003
|
|
Construction cost
|
£ 5.5 million
|
|
Specifications
|
|
|
Capacity
|
4,500 (great hall), 10,000 (3
halls)
|
|
Dome(s)
|
1
|
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Dome height (outer)
|
23
|
|
Dome dia. (outer)
|
16
|
|
Minaret(s)
|
2
|
|
Minaret height
|
35m and 25.5m
|
The Baitul Futuh Mosque (English: House
of Victories) is a mosque complex in London. It is claimed to be the largest mosque complex in
Western Europe, the title which is also claimed by Markazi
Masjid in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire and London Central Mosque.[1][2][3][4]
Completed in 2003 at a cost of approximately £5.5 million, entirely from
donations of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the mosque
covers an area of 5.2 acres (21,000 m2) and the full complex
can accommodate up to 10,000 worshippers. It is located in the south-west
London suburb of Morden,
London Borough of Merton, next to Morden South railway station,
approximately 700 yards from Morden Underground station.
Inauguration
The foundation stone was placed by Mirza
Tahir Ahmad, the then head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community on 19 October
1999, in a ceremony attended by 2000 guests, and inaugurated by the current
head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Mirza Masroor Ahmad, on 3 October 2003.
Although based at Fazl Mosque, Mirza Masroor Ahmad delivers his weekly
Friday Sermon from Baitul Futuh. The opening ceremony was attended by over 600
guests; those present included High
Commissioners, Deputy High Commissioners, Members of European Parliament,
Members of Parliament, Mayors of London boroughs, councillors, university
lecturers, and representatives of 17 countries.
Community
Several events are held at the Bait'ul Futuh Mosque
to serve both the Muslim and greater community. In addition to regular prayers,
its services include annual Peace Symposiums, school tours, other local
community events, as well as the 'Merton Youth Partnership Annual Conference',[5]
hosting the BBC Radio 4 Programme Any
Questions?,[6]
and is included in Open House London.[7]
Services
The Baitul Futuh Mosque has acted as the centre for
the 'Loyalty, Freedom and Peace Campaign',[8][9]
which seeks to promote Islam as a peaceful religion, and to improve the
integration of Muslims and non-Muslims.[10]
The Peace Symposium 2010 chose the location to
award the first Ahmadiyya Muslim Peace Prize to Lord Eric Avebury.[11]
The award is for lifetime contribution to the cause of Human Rights.
The Mosque receives over 10,000 visitors a year
from schools, faith groups, public service organisations, charities, local and
central government, and other groups.[12]
The plan to burn the Qur'an by the Dove World Outreach Center on the 9th
anniversary of 9/11
attacks was strongly condemned at the Baitul Futuh mosque by several
politicians and religious leaders, representing various faiths, such as Church
of England, Catholic Church, Judaism, Bahá'í Faith and other Islamic sects.[13][14]In
August 2013, the mosque was the site of the largest Eid celebrations in the UK.[15]
2. BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Hinduism
There are a number of large and influential Hindu
communities in the UK today. As with a number of other faiths of the east and
far east, Hinduism has a strong individualistic tradition of worship. However,
Hindu communities are well established in many large cities, towns and
increasingly villages in the UK where places of worship may be found. Where a
Hindu community has become established then a place of worship for communal
celebrations and festivals will have been developed. It is likely you will find
in the main cities and towns that the Hindu communities have adapted buildings
for use as a place of worship, but one or two traditional Mandirs have now been
built in the UK and these are wonderful adaptations of Indian architecture.
BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Neasden (also
commonly known as the Neasden Temple), is a Hindu
temple in the London Borough of Brent in northwest London. Built
entirely using traditional methods and materials, Neasden’s Swaminarayan Mandir
has been described as being Britain’s first authentic Hindu temple.[1]
It was also Europe’s first traditional Hindu stone temple, as distinct from
converted secular buildings. It is a part of the Bochasanwasi
Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS) organization and was
inaugurated on August 20, 1995 by Pramukh Swami Maharaj.
However, it has now been surpassed in size by other
BAPS temples elsewhere. The mandir was built and funded entirely by the Hindu
community. The entire project spanned five years although the Mandir
construction itself was completed in two and a half years. Building work began
in August 1992. On 24 November 1992, the temple recorded the biggest-ever
concrete-pour in the UK, when 4,500 tons was put down in 24 hours to create a
foundation mat 6 ft (1.8m) thick. The first stone was laid in June 1993;
two years later, the building was complete.[3]
Angkor Wat in Cambodia is
larger but is no longer used as a Hindu temple.
The Neasden Temple complex consists of:
- A traditional Hindu temple (mandir), constructed mainly from hand-carved Italian Carrara marble and Bulgarian limestone. The temple is the focal point of the complex
- A permanent exhibition entitled ‘Understanding Hinduism’
- A cultural centre, known as the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Haveli, designed in traditional Gujarati haveli architecture, housing an assembly hall, gymnasium, bookshop, and offices.
3.
Place of
worship for Christian
Because Christianity is arguably the oldest and
longest established of the main faiths in the UK, it is inevitable that
Christianity will have the largest number of places of worship available to
visit. The parish system in England and Wales means that in nearly every
community in the country, a church can be found. Alongside the school, post
office and pub the church is one of the visible signs of a healthy community.
Usually the church will belong to the Church of England or Anglican Church, but
you will also find Roman Catholic churches and free church Chapels and house
groups in many towns and villages.
Westminster Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of
the Most Precious Blood
Westminster Cathedral from Victoria street
St Paul's Cathedral from the south
4.
Place of worship
for Buddhism
It is worth spending a few minutes doing your
homework if you intend visiting a Buddhist place of worship – a Vihara. Owing
to the fact that a number of Buddhist traditions are relatively new to the UK,
the place of worship you could be visiting might belong to one, or more, of a
number of traditions – traditional Theravadin, far eastern Mahayana, Zen, Nirchiren
and so on. It is likely that the Buddhist place of worship you will find to
visit will have been established either by western converts, or by refugees
from perhaps Cambodia, Burma or Tibet. Remember also that Buddhist worship is
individualist rather than congregational. Congregational worship occurs mainly
at festival or celebration times. This should become a key learning concept.
It is important to remember that Buddhism is five
hundred years older than Christianity. Buddhism spread over most of the far
east and took in all the cultural and religious influences of the countries
with which it came into contact. The beliefs and practices of Buddhism also
developed and matured and this had a big influence on the style of buildings
used for worship by Buddhists.
However, at the heart of Buddhist belief were the
Three Jewels –
I seek Refuge in the Buddha, I seek Refuge in the
Dhamma,
I seek Refuge in the Sangha.
And it was the Sangha, or community of monks,
through which meditation and devotions were made, that had the biggest impact
on the style of building. Because Buddhism generally focuses its devotions
through meditation, then it is inevitable that this practice will have a
significant impact on the type of building. There are arguably two main traditions
of Buddhism. The first is Theravadin or the Tradition of the Elders which is to
be found in for example in Sri Lanka, Burma, Vietnam and Thailand. Here the
oldest traditions of devotion and meditation are still adhered to, and it was
probably these traditions that were first introduced to the UK by British
academics and explorers. There are Theravadin Viharas in the UK and it is worth
finding out if there is one near you.
Mahayana traditions have a more complex belief
system based on the Bodhissattva and but still retain the tradition of
meditation as a central act of devotion. Thus there will be similarities of
style in the buildings.
5.
Place of worship for Sikh
Sikhism
Hospitality, or being able to provide for the
comforts of strangers and friends, is a key element in the beliefs of the Sikh
community. It is not surprising then, that the actual and symbolic provision of
food affects the design and architecture of the Gurdwara. You will notice that
the langar, or kitchen, features prominently beside the Gurdwara, whilst the
place for the Sikh holy scriptures, the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, is centrally
positioned within the Gurdwara. This is because the Guru Granth Sahib Ji is
regarded with the same veneration as a living Guru and is consulted over all
major decisions taken by a Sikh. Sikh communities are to be found in many towns
in the UK and because of the distinctive turban that Sikhs adopt, Sikh men and
boys are easily recogniseable.
C.
Religious
ceremonial in United Kingdom
1. Hindus
celebrate many holy days
- Diwali (the festival of lights) is the best known
- Holi
- Navaratri (celebrating fertility and harvest),
- Raksha Bandhan (celebrating the bond between brother and sister)
- Janmashtami (Krishna's birthday)
2.
Buddhis
a. Nirvana Day is an annual Buddhist festival that remembers the
death of the Buddha when he reached Nirvana at the age of 80. It is also known
as Parinirvana Day. It is celebrated by some Buddhists on February 15th.
b. Wesak is the most important of the Buddhist festivals and is celebrated on the
full moon in May. It celebrates the Buddha's birthday, and, for some Buddhists,
also marks his enlightenment and death.
a.
Lent is the period of six weeks 40
days (not including Sundays) leading up to Easter, the most important festival
in the Christian calendar.Lent starts on Ash Wednesday in western Christian
Churches. and climaxes during Easter Week. The last week of Lent is called Holy Week.During the
40 days of Lent, Christians remember the time when Jesus went into the desert
to fast and pray before beginning his work for God. During this time Jesus was
tempted several times by Satan, but was able to resist.
b.
Easter is the most important
festival in the Christian calendar. It celebrates the resurrection from the
dead of Jesus, three days after he was executed. The Easter story is at the
heart of Christianity.
c.
Christmas is celebrated on the 25
December (7 January for Orthodox Christians).Christmas is a
Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus who Christians believe to be
the Son of God.
4.
Islam
a. Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and a
time when Muslims across the world will fast during the hours of
daylight.
b.
Eid ul Fitr
is the end of Ramadan is marked by a big celebration
called 'Eid-ul-Fitr', the Festival of the Breaking of the Fast.
c. Eid-ul-Adha
('festival of Sacrifice'), also known as the Greater Eid, is the second most
important festival in the Muslim calendar.
d. The Hajj
is pilgrimage to Makkah.
5.
Sikh
a.
Vaisakhi - 13 April
Vaisakhi, also
spelled Baisakhi, is the festival which celebrates Sikh New Year and the
founding of the Sikh community, known as the Khalsa, in 1699.
It is celebrated on April 13 or 14.
Guru Nanak is the founder of
Sikhism. Sikhism is still based on his teachings and those of the nine Sikh
Gurus who followed
CHAPTER 3
CLOSING
A.
RESUME
a.
Religion in United Kingdom
b.
Places of worship in United Kingdom
c.
Religious ceremonial in United
Kingdom
B.
SUGGESTION
We wish that this articel or paper
will be useful for us to improve our skill in cross culture understanding. As
we know that today cross culture understanding is very benefit in the world. It
can help us to join in global market. If each citizen have a good ability in
cross cultural understanding, it can help the country. It’s very benefit, so we can apply in the real
condition well.
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