Senin, 01 Desember 2014

sociolinguistic paper "diglosia"


CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A.    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Diglossia was first introduced by Ferguson (as cited in Holmes, 2007) as a stable language situation where two or more varieties of the same language have different roles to play in society, with one regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other as a low (or L) variety. Each variety is used for different functions but the H and L varieties complement each other. The H form is used for education, religion, and formal communication while the L form is used for informal contacts and local usage (Ferguson, 1959).
Diglossia: a situation where there is a ‘high’ or special variety of a language used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a ‘low’ variety used  locally and informally (e.g. Lebanese Arabic) 199-200
English is the most important foreign language in Indonesia. Currently, almost of the school in our country provide some foreign language especially English. Not only used in the school but also in some cases such as to apply a job we demanded to master English wether English active or passive. The focus of this study is to describe and explain what a diglossia is. Like another language English also has some variations, but in this case We do not focus the study on diglossia of English itself, We just try to figure out about diglossia generally.
Basically the varieties of language can be classified into two. The H variety of language which is taught formally in schools. On the other hand, the L variety refers to language which is widely used in informal situations and acquired informally.

B.     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Diglossia situations can be found in communities and countries all over the world. Every country have more than one language, for example they have their mother language, nation language, and etc.
It was a fact that the phenomenon of diglossia had been observed and reported extensively before, so we just conduct this study to fulfill our knowledge of sociolinguistic especially diglossia.

C.    PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this research is to master our understanding in sociolinguistic material, especially diglossia. Besides that, this study also seeks explanation as to why a variety is chosen to be used instead of the other in certain circumstances.
A related purpose is to fulfill our project in sociolinguistic project that will be presented in this semester.

D.    RESEARCH QUESTION

1.      What is the mean by diglossia?
2.      What is the difference between high (H) and low (L) variation in language?
3.      What are the nine rubrics in diglossia?
4.      Are there any other developing concept of diglossia? What are they?
5.      What is the relationship between diglossia and billingualism?
6.      How is the unstable nature of multilingual situations?






 
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
DIGLOSIA
This project was arranged to fulfill our assignment
In Sociolinguistic Class
Tulungagung, September 17th 2014
Lecturer : Mrs. Nani Soengkono Madayani, M. Pd












Presented by :
Group 3
Ikfi Dwi Andina          2813123080
Khoirotin Ni’mah       2813123090
Luky Maya Safitri      2813123099

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
5TH GRADE C
ISLAMIC INSTITUTE OF TULUNGAGUNG



CHAPTER II
CONTENT

A.    DEFINITION OF DIGLOSIA
English is the most important foreign language in Indonesia. Currently, almost of the school in our country provide some foreign language especially English. Not only used in the school but also in some cases such as to apply a job we demanded to master English wether English active or passive. The focus of this study is to describe and explain what a diglossia is. Like another language English also has some variations, but in this case We do not focus the study on diglossia of English itself, We just try to figure out about diglossia generally.
Basically the varieties of language can be classified into two. The H variety of language which is taught formally in schools. On the other hand, the L variety refers to language which is widely used in informal situations and acquired informally.
A person who habitually uses a speech variety which close resembles the standard form does not need to know any other dialect, but clearly this does not hold for for the dialect speaker. There are however, speech communities where all speakers read to know at least two varieties because each language form is associated with a specific set of a social functions. This language situation has become known as diglossia.
The term diglossia was first introduced into English from French by Ferguson (1959). He used the term diglossia to refer to “one particular kind of standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play”. Charles Ferguson (1959) further explained that, diglossia is “a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialect of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but it is not used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation”. The superposed variety is termed by Ferguson (1959) as the high (H) variety and the regional dialect as the low (L) variety.
From Ferguson’s statement, so it can be concluded:
·         Diglosia is the stability of language situation, there are not only the main dialects (the main variations) of a language, but also other variations.
·         The dialects can be standard dialect, or regional standart.
·         Other variation (not main dialect) have some criteria:
o   Have been codified
o   Grammatically more complex
o   The vehicle of the large and honorable written literature
o   Studied in formal education
o   Used in written language and oral language in formal
o   The society don’t use it in daily conversation.


B.     THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW IN LANGUAGE VARIATION
Ferguson talks about diglossia with using samples come from four different speech societies with their language. The fourth speech societies come from Arabic, Modern Greek, Germany-Swiss and Creole-Haiti.
In each case, there is a high (H) and low (L) variaty of a language used in the same society, and they have following relationship:
1.      There is a specialization of function for H and L.
2.      H has a higher level of prestige than L, and is considered superior.
3.      There is a literary geritage in H, but noy in L.
4.      There is different circumstances of acquisition; children learn L at kome, and H in school.
5.      The H variety is standardized, with a tradition of grammatical study and established norms and orthography.
6.      The grammar of the H variety is more complex, more highly inflected.
7.      H and L varieties share the bulk of their vocabularies, but there is same complementary distribution of terms.
8.      The phonology of H and L is a single complex system.
The more important feature of diglossia is the functional specialization of two varieties of the same language. The High variety (H) is typically used for sermons (in church or mosque), formal speeches and public lectures, news broadcasts, in official documents and written communications, most books and newspapers, and in poetry. The low variety (L), on the other hand, is the usual medium for less formal situation, for purposes such as conversation with family, friends and colleagues, instruction to waiters, servants and workmen, informal radio and television programs, captions in political cartoons, and it personal letters and folk literature. Both the H and the L varieties are used for oral and written purposes.

C.    NINE ASPECTS OF DIGLOSSIA
The diglossia is used by Ferguson with taking nine rubrics: funtion, prestige, literature legacy, achivement, standardization, stability, grammaticality, lexicon and phonology.
1.      Function
Diglossia’s criteria that important, Ferguson explains that in diglosist people there are two variations of language : the first dialect is high dialect (T dialect or T variation), and the second is low dialect (R dialect or R variations).
2.      Prestige
In diglosist society, the T dialect is more visible, honorable and logic than R dialect. R dialect is possibly to be refused in some of society. But, both T dialect and R dialect have each function that can`t be changed each other. Although T dialect has the higher level than R dialect, but R dialect has the rule itself.
3.      Literature legacy
In literature legacy, the society believe that in every literature should use T dialect because they respect with their heritage
(by using T dialect).
4.      Achievement
T dialect is gotten by studying in the formal education, while R dialect is gotten by relationship with other people. So, they who never follow the formal educations will not recognize T dialect. The difficulty of using T dialect is caused by many rules that have to be concerned, while R dialect is used on going in daily activity.
5.      Standardization
T dialect is considered as an honorable dialect. The using of T dialect is always found in dictionary, grammatically, speech instructions, and many books that always adjust T dialect. On the other hand, R dialect isn`t concerned.

6.      Stability
Diglosist society always keeps their stability in the existence of their language. The differences between T and R dialect appear in the development and inference in the nature each of them. If there are T substance come in R substance, so it is ordinary. But if R substance comes in T substance is not ordinary.
7.      Grammatically
Ferguson considers that between T and R dialect come from the same language form, but after studied deeply there are different in the grammar. Example, in standard Germany We find case four nominal and two tenses, while in Germany Swiss we find case three nominals and a tense.
8.      Lexicon
The most important nature in diglosist is there are vocabularies that have couple. But there are some vocabulary in T don`t have couple in R and otherwise, example, in Indonesia have couple vocabularies in formal and non formal : uang and duit, istri and bini, lurus and lempeng, buruk and jelek.
9.      Phonology
Ferguson says that phonology in T is the basic system and R is the various system. T phonology is nearer with common basic language in whole. R phonology is far from the basic form.




D.    ANOTHER DEVELOPING CONCEPT OF DIGLOSSIA

Fasold divided broad diglissia into three kinds that called double overlapping diglossia, double-nested diglossia, and linear polyglosia.
            Double overlapping is distinction and prestige language situation in double way. For example is the society in Tanzania. In Tanzania are used English, swahili, and some province language, actually, swahwili is T language and some province language, but in other situation Swahili is L language and English is T language.
            Double-nested diglossia is condition in the multilingual society, that there are to languages which differentiated one as T language. For example is language situation of khalapur.
            Explain linear polyglosia Fasold (1984) propose the result of platt (1977) research about language situation in society of china that uses English in Malaysia and Singapore. In this society there are three diglossias. That is the first, china language which dominan versus china language which is not dominan. The second, formal English versus informal English, the third, standart malay language versus non standart malay language.


E.     RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BILINGUALISM AND DIGLOSSIA

In many countries, regional variation is not simply a matter of two (or more) dialects of a single language, but can involve two (or more) quite distinct and different languages. Canada, for example, is an officially bilingual country, with both French and English as official languages. This recognition of the linguistic rights of the country’s French speakers, largely in Quebec, did not come about without a lot of political upheaval. For most of its history, Canada was essentially an English-speaking country, with a French-speaking minority group. In such a situation, bilingualism at the level of the individual tends to be a feature of the minority group. In this form of bilingualism, a member of a minority group grows up in one linguistic community, mainly speaking one language (e.g. Welsh in Britain or Spanish in the United States), but learns another language (e.g. English) in order to take part in the larger dominant linguistic community. Indeed, many members of linguistic minorities can live out their entire lives without ever seeing their native language appear in the public domain. Some-times political activism can change that. It was only after English notices and signs were frequently defaced, or replaced by scribbled Welsh language versions, that bilingual (English–Welsh) signs came into widespread use in Wales. Many henoed never expected to see their first language on public signs in Wales, as illustrated in the accompanying photograph, though they may wonder why everyone is being warned about them.
Individual bilingualism, however, doesn’t have to be the result of political dominance by a group using a different language. It can simply be the result of having two parents who speak different languages. If a child simultaneously acquires the French spoken by her mother and the English spoken by her father, then the distinction between the two languages may not even be noticed by the child. There will simply be two ways of talking according to the person being talked to. However, even in this type of bilingualism, one language tends eventually to become the dominant one, with the other in a subordinate role. A rather special situation involving two distinct varieties of a language, called diglossia, exists in some countries. In diglossia, there is a ‘low’ variety, acquired locally and used for everyday affairs, and a ‘high’ or special variety, learned in school and used for important matters. A type of diglossia exists in Arabic speaking countries where the high variety (Classical Arabic) is used in formal lectures, serious political events and especially in religious discussions. The low variety is the local version of the language, such as Egyptian Arabic or Lebanese Arabic. Through a long period in European history, a diglossic situation existed with  Latin  as  the  high  variety  and  one  of  the  local  languages  of  Europe (early versions of French, Spanish, etc.) as the low variety or ‘vernacular’.
Fishman mantains that the two phenomena are quite distinct: diglossia is a feature of society to be studied by sociologist;distinction function of the language (H and L), while billingualism in contrast , concern the individual’s ability to use differente language varieties; the way how to use two languages alternatively in society. Fishman also categorized diglossia in to four types.
1.      Billingualism with diglossia (in societies which has two variations of language with differente function (H and L).
2.      Billingualism without diglossia ( in societies which has two variations of language but they do not consider wether it was H or L.
3.      Diglossia without billingualism (two communities that speak in different language; the first group is small (rulling), the second one is larger than the first.
4.      Without diglossia and without billingualism (just has one language without any variations)

F.     THE UNSTABLE NATURE OF MULTILINGUAL SITUATIONS
In multilingual countries such developments imply that the languages change also in relation to each other. In the Swiss canton of Ticino, tourism and the arrival of non-Italian speakers have brought about a situation where the newcomers have not assimilated linguistically to Italian, the local official language, as was traditionally expected of those who move from one language area to another. As a result, the Ticinos are undergoing a remodeling of their linguistic patterns, and there is some fear that the position of Italian may become further weakened.
Modern western society demands a good deal of conformity from its citizens. Part of the price that is often exacted by economic progress seems to assume an inherent causal link between monolingualism and prosperity. It can be observed that polarization of language use had occurred virtually everywhere in Europe, as most linguistic minorities have seen a steady decline of their language.
The description and analysis of multilingualism must take account of the changeable nature patterns. Multilingualism and monolingualism should not be regarded a discrete categories, but rather as points on a sociolinguistic language continuum.











CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.    CONCLUSION
Diglossia was first introduced by Ferguson (as cited in Holmes, 2007) as a stable language situation where two or more varieties of the same language have different roles to play in society, with one regarded as a high (or H) variety and the other as a low (or L) variety. Each variety is used for different functions but the H and L varieties complement each other. The H form is used for education, religion, and formal communication while the L form is used for informal contacts and local usage (Ferguson, 1959).
Diglossia: a situation where there is a ‘high’ or special variety of a language used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a ‘low’ variety used  locally and informally (e.g. Lebanese Arabic) 199-200

B.     SUGGESTION
“No body perfect in the world” it was same to our project, while conducting this project We realize that our paper was lack of materail, in organization of paper, and etc. So, We would be very happy if the reader will give additional comments which objective in order to create a better one next time. May this paper very useful for us in mastering and understanding foreign language, especially in Diglossia issue and English language.







REFERRENCES

Maharsi, Eni. 2002. Introduction to Linguistic first edition. Malang: Citra Mentari Group
Soengkono, Nani. 2014. Diktat Sociolinguistic. IAIN Tulungagung

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