CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Diglossia was first introduced by Ferguson (as cited in Holmes,
2007) as a stable language situation where two or more varieties of the same
language have different roles to play in society, with one regarded as a high
(or H) variety and the other as a low (or L) variety. Each variety is used for
different functions but the H and L varieties complement each other. The H form
is used for education, religion, and formal communication while the L form is
used for informal contacts and local usage (Ferguson, 1959).
Diglossia: a situation where there is a ‘high’ or special variety
of a language used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a ‘low’
variety used locally and informally
(e.g. Lebanese Arabic) 199-200
English is the most important foreign language in Indonesia. Currently,
almost of the school in our country provide some foreign language especially
English. Not only used in the school but also in some cases such as to apply a
job we demanded to master English wether English active or passive. The focus
of this study is to describe and explain what a diglossia is. Like another
language English also has some variations, but in this case We do not focus the
study on diglossia of English itself, We just try to figure out about diglossia
generally.
Basically the varieties of language can be classified into two. The
H variety of language which is taught formally in schools. On the other hand,
the L variety refers to language which is widely used in informal situations
and acquired informally.
B.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Diglossia situations can be found in communities and countries all
over the world. Every country have more than one language, for example they
have their mother language, nation language, and etc.
It was a fact that the phenomenon of diglossia had been observed
and reported extensively before, so we just conduct this study to fulfill our
knowledge of sociolinguistic especially diglossia.
C.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this research is to master our understanding in
sociolinguistic material, especially diglossia. Besides that, this study also
seeks explanation as to why a variety is chosen to be used instead of the other
in certain circumstances.
A related purpose is to fulfill our project in sociolinguistic
project that will be presented in this semester.
D.
RESEARCH QUESTION
1.
What
is the mean by diglossia?
2.
What
is the difference between high (H) and low (L) variation in language?
3.
What
are the nine rubrics in diglossia?
4.
Are
there any other developing concept of diglossia? What are they?
5.
What
is the relationship between diglossia and billingualism?
6.
How
is the unstable nature of multilingual situations?
SOCIOLINGUISTIC
DIGLOSIA
This project was arranged to fulfill our assignment
In Sociolinguistic Class
Tulungagung, September 17th 2014
Lecturer : Mrs. Nani Soengkono Madayani, M. Pd
Presented by :
Group 3
Ikfi Dwi Andina 2813123080
Khoirotin
Ni’mah 2813123090
Luky Maya
Safitri 2813123099
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
5TH GRADE C
ISLAMIC INSTITUTE OF TULUNGAGUNG
CHAPTER II
CONTENT
A.
DEFINITION OF DIGLOSIA
English is the most important foreign language in Indonesia.
Currently, almost of the school in our country provide some foreign language
especially English. Not only used in the school but also in some cases such as
to apply a job we demanded to master English wether English active or passive.
The focus of this study is to describe and explain what a diglossia is. Like
another language English also has some variations, but in this case We do not
focus the study on diglossia of English itself, We just try to figure out about
diglossia generally.
Basically the varieties of language can be classified into two. The
H variety of language which is taught formally in schools. On the other hand,
the L variety refers to language which is widely used in informal situations
and acquired informally.
A
person who habitually uses a speech variety which close resembles the standard
form does not need to know any other dialect, but clearly this does not hold
for for the dialect speaker. There are however, speech communities where all
speakers read to know at least two varieties because each language form is
associated with a specific set of a social functions. This language situation
has become known as diglossia.
The term diglossia was first introduced into English from French by
Ferguson (1959). He used the term diglossia to refer to “one particular kind of
standardization where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout
the community, with each having a definite role to play”. Charles Ferguson
(1959) further explained that, diglossia is “a relatively stable language
situation in which, in addition to the primary dialect of the language (which
may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent,
highly codified (often grammatically more complex) superposed variety, the vehicle
of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier
period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal
education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes but it is not
used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation”. The superposed
variety is termed by Ferguson (1959) as the high (H) variety and the regional
dialect as the low (L) variety.
From Ferguson’s
statement, so it can be concluded:
·
Diglosia is the
stability of language situation, there are not only the main dialects (the main
variations) of a language, but also other variations.
·
The dialects can
be standard dialect, or regional standart.
·
Other variation
(not main dialect) have some criteria:
o
Have been
codified
o
Grammatically
more complex
o
The vehicle of
the large and honorable written literature
o
Studied in
formal education
o
Used in written
language and oral language in formal
o
The society
don’t use it in daily conversation.
B.
THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW IN LANGUAGE VARIATION
Ferguson
talks about diglossia with using samples come from four different speech
societies with their language. The fourth speech societies come from Arabic,
Modern Greek, Germany-Swiss and Creole-Haiti.
In
each case, there is a high (H) and low (L) variaty of a language used in the
same society, and they have following relationship:
1.
There is a
specialization of function for H and L.
2.
H has a higher
level of prestige than L, and is considered superior.
3.
There is a
literary geritage in H, but noy in L.
4.
There is
different circumstances of acquisition; children learn L at kome, and H in
school.
5.
The H variety is
standardized, with a tradition of grammatical study and established norms and
orthography.
6.
The grammar of
the H variety is more complex, more highly inflected.
7.
H and L
varieties share the bulk of their vocabularies, but there is same complementary
distribution of terms.
8.
The phonology of
H and L is a single complex system.
The
more important feature of diglossia is the functional specialization of two
varieties of the same language. The High variety (H) is typically used for
sermons (in church or mosque), formal speeches and public lectures, news
broadcasts, in official documents and written communications, most books and
newspapers, and in poetry. The low variety (L), on the other hand, is the usual
medium for less formal situation, for purposes such as conversation with
family, friends and colleagues, instruction to waiters, servants and workmen,
informal radio and television programs, captions in political cartoons, and it
personal letters and folk literature. Both the H and the L varieties are used
for oral and written purposes.
C.
NINE
ASPECTS OF DIGLOSSIA
The
diglossia is used by Ferguson with taking nine rubrics: funtion, prestige,
literature legacy, achivement, standardization, stability, grammaticality,
lexicon and phonology.
1. Function
Diglossia’s criteria
that important, Ferguson explains that in diglosist people there are two
variations of language : the first dialect is high dialect (T dialect or T
variation), and the second is low dialect (R dialect or R variations).
2. Prestige
In diglosist
society, the T dialect is more visible, honorable and logic than R dialect. R
dialect is possibly to be refused in some of society. But, both T dialect and R
dialect have each function that can`t be changed each other. Although T dialect
has the higher level than R dialect, but R dialect has the rule itself.
3. Literature legacy
In literature
legacy, the society believe that in every literature should use T dialect
because they respect with their heritage
(by using T
dialect).
4. Achievement
T dialect is gotten
by studying in the formal education, while R dialect is gotten by relationship
with other people. So, they who never follow the formal educations will not
recognize T dialect. The difficulty of using T dialect is caused by many rules
that have to be concerned, while R dialect is used on going in daily activity.
5. Standardization
T dialect is
considered as an honorable dialect. The using of T dialect is always found in
dictionary, grammatically, speech instructions, and many books that always
adjust T dialect. On the other hand, R dialect isn`t concerned.
6. Stability
Diglosist society
always keeps their stability in the existence of their language. The
differences between T and R dialect appear in the development and inference in
the nature each of them. If there are T substance come in R substance, so it is
ordinary. But if R substance comes in T substance is not ordinary.
7. Grammatically
Ferguson considers
that between T and R dialect come from the same language form, but after
studied deeply there are different in the grammar. Example, in standard Germany
We find case four nominal and two tenses, while in Germany Swiss we find case
three nominals and a tense.
8. Lexicon
The most important
nature in diglosist is there are vocabularies that have couple. But there are
some vocabulary in T don`t have couple in R and otherwise, example, in
Indonesia have couple vocabularies in formal and non formal : uang and duit,
istri and bini, lurus and lempeng, buruk and
jelek.
9. Phonology
Ferguson says that
phonology in T is the basic system and R is the various system. T phonology is
nearer with common basic language in whole. R phonology is far from the basic
form.
D.
ANOTHER DEVELOPING
CONCEPT OF DIGLOSSIA
Fasold divided broad
diglissia into three kinds that called double overlapping diglossia, double-nested diglossia, and linear polyglosia.
Double overlapping is
distinction and prestige language situation in double way. For example is the
society in Tanzania. In Tanzania are used English, swahili, and some province
language, actually, swahwili is T language and some province language, but in
other situation Swahili is L language and English is T language.
Double-nested diglossia
is condition in the multilingual society, that there are to languages which
differentiated one as T language. For example is language situation of
khalapur.
Explain linear polyglosia Fasold (1984)
propose the result of platt (1977) research about language situation in society
of china that uses English in Malaysia and Singapore. In this society there are
three diglossias. That is the first,
china language which dominan versus china language which is not dominan. The second, formal English versus
informal English, the third, standart
malay language versus non standart malay language.
E.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BILINGUALISM AND DIGLOSSIA
In many countries, regional variation is not simply a matter of two
(or more) dialects of a single language, but can involve two (or more) quite
distinct and different languages. Canada, for example, is an officially
bilingual country, with both French and English as official languages. This
recognition of the linguistic rights of the country’s French speakers, largely
in Quebec, did not come about without a lot of political upheaval. For most of
its history, Canada was essentially an English-speaking country, with a
French-speaking minority group. In such a situation, bilingualism at the level
of the individual tends to be a feature of the minority group. In this form of
bilingualism, a member of a minority group grows up in one linguistic
community, mainly speaking one language (e.g. Welsh in Britain or Spanish in
the United States), but learns another language (e.g. English) in order to take
part in the larger dominant linguistic community. Indeed, many members of
linguistic minorities can live out their entire lives without ever seeing their
native language appear in the public domain. Some-times political activism can
change that. It was only after English notices and signs were frequently
defaced, or replaced by scribbled Welsh language versions, that bilingual
(English–Welsh) signs came into widespread use in Wales. Many henoed never
expected to see their first language on public signs in Wales, as illustrated in
the accompanying photograph, though they may wonder why everyone is being
warned about them.
Individual bilingualism, however, doesn’t have to be the result of
political dominance by a group using a different language. It can simply be the
result of having two parents who speak different languages. If a child
simultaneously acquires the French spoken by her mother and the English spoken
by her father, then the distinction between the two languages may not even be
noticed by the child. There will simply be two ways of talking according to the
person being talked to. However, even in this type of bilingualism, one
language tends eventually to become the dominant one, with the other in a
subordinate role. A rather special situation involving two distinct varieties
of a language, called diglossia, exists in some countries. In diglossia, there
is a ‘low’ variety, acquired locally and used for everyday affairs, and a
‘high’ or special variety, learned in school and used for important matters. A
type of diglossia exists in Arabic speaking countries where the high variety
(Classical Arabic) is used in formal lectures, serious political events and
especially in religious discussions. The low variety is the local version of
the language, such as Egyptian Arabic or Lebanese Arabic. Through a long period
in European history, a diglossic situation existed with Latin
as the high
variety and one
of the local
languages of Europe (early versions of French, Spanish,
etc.) as the low variety or ‘vernacular’.
Fishman mantains that the two phenomena are quite distinct:
diglossia is a feature of society to be studied by sociologist;distinction
function of the language (H and L), while billingualism in contrast , concern
the individual’s ability to use differente language varieties; the way how to
use two languages alternatively in society. Fishman also categorized diglossia
in to four types.
1.
Billingualism
with diglossia (in societies which has two variations of language with
differente function (H and L).
2.
Billingualism
without diglossia ( in societies which has two variations of language but they
do not consider wether it was H or L.
3.
Diglossia
without billingualism (two communities that speak in different language; the
first group is small (rulling), the second one is larger than the first.
4.
Without
diglossia and without billingualism (just has one language without any
variations)
F.
THE UNSTABLE NATURE OF MULTILINGUAL SITUATIONS
In multilingual countries such developments imply that the
languages change also in relation to each other. In the Swiss canton of Ticino,
tourism and the arrival of non-Italian speakers have brought about a situation
where the newcomers have not assimilated linguistically to Italian, the local
official language, as was traditionally expected of those who move from one
language area to another. As a result, the Ticinos are undergoing a remodeling
of their linguistic patterns, and there is some fear that the position of
Italian may become further weakened.
Modern western society demands a good deal of conformity from its
citizens. Part of the price that is often exacted by economic progress seems to
assume an inherent causal link between monolingualism and prosperity. It can be
observed that polarization of language use had occurred virtually everywhere in
Europe, as most linguistic minorities have seen a steady decline of their
language.
The description and analysis of multilingualism must take account
of the changeable nature patterns. Multilingualism and monolingualism should
not be regarded a discrete categories, but rather as points on a sociolinguistic
language continuum.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.
CONCLUSION
Diglossia was first introduced by Ferguson (as cited in Holmes,
2007) as a stable language situation where two or more varieties of the same
language have different roles to play in society, with one regarded as a high
(or H) variety and the other as a low (or L) variety. Each variety is used for
different functions but the H and L varieties complement each other. The H form
is used for education, religion, and formal communication while the L form is
used for informal contacts and local usage (Ferguson, 1959).
Diglossia: a situation where there is a ‘high’ or special variety
of a language used in formal situations (e.g. Classical Arabic), and a ‘low’
variety used locally and informally
(e.g. Lebanese Arabic) 199-200
B.
SUGGESTION
“No body perfect in the world” it was same to our project, while
conducting this project We realize that our paper was lack of materail, in
organization of paper, and etc. So, We would be very happy if the reader will
give additional comments which objective in order to create a better one next
time. May this paper very useful for us in mastering and understanding foreign
language, especially in Diglossia issue and English language.
REFERRENCES
Maharsi,
Eni. 2002. Introduction to Linguistic first edition. Malang: Citra Mentari
Group
Soengkono,
Nani. 2014. Diktat Sociolinguistic. IAIN Tulungagung
http://4webstat.com/www/eprints.utar.edu.my EL-2011-0805696-1.pdf
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar